Lately, I’ve seen several announcements, presentations, and blog posts about “hacking like” Advanced Persistent Threat. This new wave of material focuses on mapping features in the Metasploit Framework to the steps shown in Mandiant’s 2010 M-Trends Report: The Advanced Persistent Threat. While this is an interesting thought exercise, there are a few classic treatments of the adversary emulation topic that deserve your attention.
Here are my favorite presentations.
Information Operations (2008)
This video discusses “techniques to attack secure networks and successfully conduct long term penetrations into them. New Immunity technologies for large scale client-side attacks, application based backdoors will be demonstrated as will a methodology for high-value target attack. Design decisions for specialized trojans, attack techniques, and temporary access tools will be discussed and evaluated.”
MetaPhish (2009)
MetaPhish describes how to attack a network like a real adversary. This presentation covers the information gathering phase (targeting), it lays out the needs for a spear phishing and web drive-by framework, and it discusses covert communication using Tor. You should read the MetaPhish white paper as well.
Modern Network Attack (2011)
In 2011, I spoke at the TSA ISSO meeting about how I view the penetration testing process. This talk is a breakdown of how I saw threat emulation. You’ll see hints of MetaPhish and Tactical Exploitation in here.
https://vimeo.com/20084998
I wouldn’t call this my favorite presentation–it’s mine after all. But this is one of the first talks I gave when I was starting to participate in the open source security community. Adversary emulation is a topic near and dear to my heart. So much so, I built a product for it.
Adaptive Penetration Testing (2011)
This talk calls on the community to revisit the reasons we penetration test: We’re trying to simulate an adversary and go after something meaningful to the organization we’re testing. Included in this talk are a lot of stories, an argument for why social engineering should be in scope, and a lot of tactical things.
Tactical Exploitation (2007)
This is a classic talk by HD Moore and Val Smith on how to attack a network by leveraging functionality, not exploits. This talk is very reconnaissance heavy (go figure, so is threat emulation). I highly recommend reading the Tactical Exploitation white paper too.
Common Themes
If you’re interested in providing adversary emulation in your pen tests, it helps to mimic their tactics, their tools, and attack similar goals. How do you do this? Here are the common themes from these sources:
- Spear phishing is a common vector to get your attack to the user
- A successful attack requires a good pretext
- Focus on reconnaissance. Do as much as possible. You want to know your attack will succeed before you execute it
- Think beyond exploits and exploit frameworks. Think about how things work and how you can abuse them.
- Covert communications matter if you want to keep access
- You’re successful once you get data that demonstrates meaningful risk to your target organization.